Chicomoyollotzin Pilliciuatzin, wife of Tlaltecatzin, Roberto Francisco Miranda Moreno (born 1955 in Morelos) is a Mexican General officer who served as the last chief of the, This page was last edited on 21 February 2021, at 18:30. The Historic Center, in the borough of Cuauhtémoc, is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. [50] The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District. The above municipalities are located in the state of Mexico but are part of the Greater Mexico City area. The PGJCDMX maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and nearly 1,000 criminology experts or specialists (peritos). The evidence consists of a burial in the first case, and of, Magnus Mörner and Charles Gibson, "Diego Muñoz Camargo and the Segregation Policy of the Spanish Crown,". Architects Teodoro González de León and Alberto Kalach along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists have developed the project plan for Recovering the City of Lakes. The most significant episode of this period for the city was the February 1913 la Decena Trágica ("The Ten Tragic Days"), when forces counter to the elected government of Francisco I. Madero staged a successful coup. They were believed to correspond to the lower Cenolithic period (9500–7000 BC). North of the Historic Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico. [38] It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living Xoloizcuintles (Mexican Hairless Dog). [14][15] Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style. In recent years, much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected to serve until 2012. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, National School of Anthropology and History, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica, Instituto de Educación Media Superior de la Ciudad de México, Xochimilco Ecological Park and Plant Market, List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico, "Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – México", "De la Colonia / 13 agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan", "Conmemora la SecretarĂa de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de CreaciĂłn del Distrito Federal", "Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City", Senate of Mexico website: LXII & LXIII legislatures, Distrito Federal, "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Distrito Federal", https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/MEX/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2018&colour_scales=national, Global MetroMonitor | Brookings Institution, "Mexico City GDP as compared with national GDP", "Mexico City Is Focusing on Tech Sector Development", "Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital", From DF to CDMX, Mexico City changes name, status. This style of Mexican-French fusion architecture became colloquially known as Porfirian Architecture. Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (1983–1987) VIII OBISPO", "Silencio y misterio en el asesinato del ex diplomático", "Alain Elkann Interviews Maria José of Savoy last Queen of Italy", "Personajes Notables que han vivido en el estado de Morelos", "Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, "El que se muestra enojado, el que flecha al cielo" (1440–1469)", "El jardín de Moctezuma: la historia de cómo la belleza conquistó a un guerrero y emperador – + De Morelos", "El sha de Irán se instala temporalmente en México", "Vejez, muerte y renacer de Ce Ácatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl", "Perfil del legislador: Martínez Rojas, Andrés Eloy", "Alfredo Quinto, fisicoquímico investigador del TecNM, elegido por la Universidad de Oxford", "La breve exploración de este magnífico personaje puso a Cuernavaca en el mapa mundial – + De Morelos", "¿Por qué le decimos Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera a Cuernavaca? Ever since, left-wing parties (first the Party of the Democratic Revolution and later the National Regeneration Movement) have controlled both of them. The world-renowned market of Tepito occupies 25 blocks, and sells a variety of products. Thousands of C-stores or corner stores, such as Oxxo, 7-Eleven and Extra are located throughout the city. [178] In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground. In the 2006 elections, the PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. Best known are the Colegio Alemán (German school with three main campuses), the Liceo Mexicano Japonés (Japanese), the Centro Cultural Coreano en México (Korean), the Lycée Franco-Mexicain (French), the American School, The Westhill Institute (American School), the Edron Academy and the Greengates School (British). [26][27] A clause in the Constitution of Mexico, however, prevents it from becoming a state within the Mexican federation, as it is the seat of power in the country, unless the capital of the country were to be relocated elsewhere. Explosive growth in the population of the city started in the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring State of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest, and northeast. The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. XHTV 4, [179] In the centre of the city informal street vendors are increasingly targeted by laws and prosecution. 12. [citation needed] The city's public high school system is the Instituto de Educación Media Superior de la Ciudad de México (IEMS-DF). Cuajimalpa (15th), Cuauhtémoc (23rd), and Azcapotzalco (25th) also had very high values of 0.8994, 0.8922, and 0.8915, respectively. The effects of the draining of Lake Texcoco and global warming have greatly reduced snowfalls after the snow flurries of 12 February 1907. Mexico City was traditionally known as La Ciudad de los Palacios ("the City of the Palaces"), a nickname attributed to Baron Alexander von Humboldt when visiting the city in the 19th century, who, sending a letter back to Europe, said Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe. [citation needed] It also has a large collection of Dalí sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including El Greco, Velázquez, Picasso and Canaletto. [174] This traffic exceeds the capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.[58]. [24] After independence from Spain was achieved, the federal district was created in 1824. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. This piece, in bronze, was the work of Manuel Tolsá and it has been placed at the Plaza Tolsá, in front of the Palacio de Mineria (Mining Palace). It is said to have the largest private contemporary art collection in Latin America and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists. [147][148][149] In August 2016, Mayor Mancera announced that new pesero vehicle and concessions would be eliminated completely unless they were ecologically friendly vehicles,[150] and in October 2011 the city's Secretary of Mobility Héctor Serrano states that by the end of the current administration (2018) there would no longer by any peseros/microbuses circulating at all, and that new full-sized buses would take over the routes. It will have its own constitution and its legislature, and its delegaciones will now be headed by mayors. Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Satélite, a vast middle-class to upper-middle-class residential and business area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were created for the illiterate, a unique system that has become iconic characteristic of Mexico City. The Museo Soumaya, named after the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim, has the largest private collection of original Rodin sculptures outside Paris. In 2016, the airport handled almost 42 million passengers, about 3.3 million more than the year before. Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation CDMX has been used (from Ciudad de México), prior to this but recently, the abbreviation was "the DF" (from Distrito Federal de México). These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts grand opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens. [107] In addition to street harassment, one of the places where women in Mexico City live in violence is public transport. It was the imperial capital on two occasions (1821–1823 and 1864–1867), and of two federalist states and two centralist states that followed innumerable coups d'états in the space of half a century before the triumph of the Liberals after the Reform War. Amusement parks include Six Flags México, in Ajusco neighborhood which is the largest in Latin America. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. XEW 2 (Televisa W),[198] (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables). Many died from being crushed by beams, or falling from high places, or in tearing down old buildings for new ones.[44]. The Human Development Index report of 2005[99] shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85), and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). [69] Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. [87], To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. The boroughs are composed of hundreds of colonias, or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. In 2017, NBA commissioner Adam Silver expressed interest in placing an NBA G League expansion team in Mexico City as early as 2018. At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San Ángel were incorporated by the growing conurbation. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole. [62] Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation. [195][196] Leading magazines include Expansión, Proceso, Poder, as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades, Quién, Chilango, TV Notas, and local editions of Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest. Tezcapotzin, warrior from Cuauhnáhuac who caught Cuautzinten, Tzontecomatl, leader of Tlahuica groups of the Chicomostoc tribe who first arrived in Cuauhnáhuac, Francisco de Contreras (¿?-1610), governor of Xochimilco de Cuauhnáhuac, Epigmenio de la Piedra (1792-1873), Deputy from Cuernavaca who signed the. The center of the city was subjected to artillery attacks from the army stronghold of the ciudadela or citadel, with significant civilian casualties and the undermining of confidence in the Madero government. Bernardino Álvarez de San Hipólito, founder of the Hospital de la Santa Cruz in Oaxtepec, Agustina Andrade (1695-? ), religious painter Cuernavaca. These include the Mexico City Philharmonic,[137] which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the National Symphony Orchestra, whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of the Fine Arts), a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (OFUNAM),[138] and the Minería Symphony Orchestra,[139] both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl, which was the first wrap-around concert hall of the world's western hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide, elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma, modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-Élysées in Paris. [80], The area receives about 820 millimeters (32 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from May through October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. [105] Political scientist Markus-Michael Müller argues that mostly informal street vendors are hit by these measures. Tlalpan (pop. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. [47], The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. Historically, and since Pre-Columbian times, the Valley of Anahuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he soon died; the next king was Cuauhtémoc. Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). 186,391) [46] At intervals Zócalo was where major celebrations took place as well as executions. He sees punishment "related to the growing politicisation of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalisation of the people living at the margins of urban society, in particular those who work in the city's informal economy. Since Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the city government, not by the boroughs themselves; in the constituent states, such services would be provided by the municipalities. There are 60 radio stations operating in the city and many local community radio transmission networks. and is now officially known as Ciudad de México (or CDMX), with a greater degree of autonomy. November 1519, The Most Beautiful Thing in the World", "Conquistadors – Cortés. Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was 0.9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of 0.9225 (very high), or (by newer methodology) 0.8307, was Mexico's highest. In some cases a modest fee may be charged. It has since been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. There are also growing[citation needed] numbers of irreligious people, whether agnostic or atheist. ), and was officially renamed "Ciudad de México" (or "CDMX"). As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. [92], On 29 January 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F. Other major papers include Milenio, Crónica, El Economista and El Financiero. [57], During this battle, on 13 September, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. 2, septiembre-diciembre, 1994, pp. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north–south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east–west roads. In addition, some inner suburbs are losing population to outer suburbs, indicating the continuing expansion of Greater Mexico City. [103] Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. 3. During the 19th century, Mexico City was the center stage of all the political disputes of the country. 10. In addition, there are several haciendas that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan, Hacienda de Cortés and the Hacienda de los Morales. La Nueva Viga Market is the second largest seafood market in the world after the Tsukiji fish market in Japan. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue,[169] 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. As of 2009[update], 21,163,226 people live in this urban agglomeration, of which 8,841,916 live in Mexico City proper. This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in Iztapalapa borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several Mexico City trolleybus routes and the Xochimilco Light Rail line, both of which are operated by Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos. The choice was official on 18 November 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This led to decentralization[112] and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border. As of mid-2017, there were 568[161] Metrobús buses. XHIMT 7, Luis Avilés Ferreiro is a sprinter who won 2nd place in the 2019 Mexican Olympics in, Juan Carlos Gonzales (born 1962 in Cuernavaca), better known under the ring name, Eugenio J. Cañas (?-1923), brought running water and electricity to Cuernavaca; surveyed the border between Morelos and Puebla, Pedro Cortes Ramirez de Arellano (died 1629) was the grandson of. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 15. Victoriano Huerta, chief general of the Federal Army, saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The airport is also a hub for Volaris, Interjet and Aeromar. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. If approved by the government the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the Valley of Mexico, the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of Iztapalapa, Iztacalco, Venustiano Carranza and the east portion of Gustavo A. Madero are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of Tlalpan and Milpa Alta, a mountainous region of pine and oak trees known as the range of Ajusco. Aeroméxico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. More and more lines opened and as of mid-2017 there are 6 routes with a 7th planned along Paseo de la Reforma to connect Santa Fe with the city center and points north. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006,[176] making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. XEIPN 11, "No habrá más microbuses en la CDMX: Mancera" (Mancera states that there will not be any more microbuses in Mexico City), "Al término del gobierno de Mancera ya no habrá microbuses: Semovi", "En operación 69 autobuses Mercedes-Benz Revista Auto Motores Informa", "Inician operación 85 autobuses Mercedes-Benz en Corredor Chapultepec-Palmas – transporteinformativo.com", "Presentación del corredor Tacubaya- La Valenciana", "Cambios en ex Ruta 86 causan inconformidad entre choferes", "Encabeza Jefe de Gobierno inicio de operaciones de los Corredores Sevilla-Defensa y Toreo-Buenavista", "Inauguran corredor de transporte Palmas-Chapultepec", "Usuarios de M1 se quejan de exceso en tiempos de espera", "Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels")", "Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula", "Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. [according to whom?] [141] A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs, known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City. [203] For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in la provincia ("the provinces", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango. [37][43][50], The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores"), also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries. [105] The weekly San Felipe de Jesús Tianguis is reported to be the largest in Latin America.[180]. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, List of pre-columbian archaeological sites in Mexico City, subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater, massacre of an unknown number of protesting students, Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine), Lic. He resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman, elected or otherwise, to govern Mexico City. After a decade of war, Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on 27 September 1821. Mexico City, as a whole, is a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives, elected by proportional representation, with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies". Azcapotzalco (pop. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometers (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city. The city's main source of fresh produce is the Central de Abasto. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others. [36] Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and slowly fought their way through the city. The area was the destination of the migrations of the Teochichimecas during the 8th and 13th centuries, peoples that would give rise to the Toltec, and Mexica (Aztecs) cultures. The new Museo Júmex in Nuevo Polanco was slated to open in November 2013. The following are people who were born, raised, or who gained significant prominence for living in the Mexican state of Morelos: This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. Monjarás-Ruiz, Jesús, "Fray Diego Durán, un evangelizador conquistado", en Dimensión Antropológica, vol. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec, the imperial residence. [28], The oldest signs of human occupation in the area of Mexico City are those of the "Peñon woman" and others found in San Bartolo Atepehuacan (Gustavo A. Madero). Greater Mexico City is formed by Mexico City, 60 municipalities from the State of Mexico and one from the state of Hidalgo. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes"). [202] Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person". 43–56. [162], Mexibús provides 3 bus rapid transit lines connecting Metro Ciudad Azteca and Metro Pantitlán with Cuautitlán, Ecatepec and other suburban areas in the State of Mexico.[163]. The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets and restaurants, as well as people who come to buy the produce for themselves. Also notable is the Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant Biko (run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso), which placed outside the list at 59th, but in previous years has ranked within the top 50. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. [40] Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. [146] It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos (roughly US$0.27) from 05:00 am to midnight. [68] This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Clockwise, from upper left: Battle of Mexico City in the U.S.–Mexican War of 1847. A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal", "Normales climatológicas para Mexico-Central-Tacubaya D.F. The Papalote children's museum, which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec, near the Museo Tecnológico, and La Feria amusement park. The metro transports 4.4 million people every day. Asimilación y herencia cultural", "Conmemoran 100 años de inmigración coreana", "Private American Citizens Residing Abroad", Volumen y porcentaje de la población de 5 y más años católica por entidad federativa, 2010, "Three new dioceses carved out of Archdiocese of Mexico", "CDMX, una de las urbes con más museos en el mundo", "Ciudad de México.- atractivos turísticos", "El Dalai Lama inaugura la exposición: Tíbet. Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.[134]. Cuajimalpa (pop. XHTRES 28, In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán,[23] and as of 1585, it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals' nickname chilangos. [18] According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million, which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere (behind São Paulo, Brazil), the eleventh-largest agglomeration (2017), and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world. In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the Palacio de los Deportes indoor arena, Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool, the Hipódromo de Las Américas, the Agustin Melgar Olympic Velodrome, and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, ice hockey, rugby, American-style football, baseball, and basketball. 6. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum.
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